Which types of jurisdiction must a complaint ordinarily establish?

• A. Personal jurisdiction over the defendant only.
• B. Subject matter jurisdiction, personal jurisdiction over the defendant, and proper venue.
• C. Only venue; jurisdiction is assumed.
• D. International jurisdiction by treaty alone.

Answer: (B)

A complaint must show authority on three levels: subject matter jurisdiction, personal jurisdiction over the defendant, and proper venue. Subject matter jurisdiction is the court’s power to hear the type of case—federal courts require a basis like federal question or diversity, while state courts have their own general or specific jurisdiction. Personal jurisdiction ensures the court can compel a defendant to appear, which depends on the defendant’s contacts with the forum or consent. Venue is about the proper location for filing the case, typically where the parties reside or where the events giving rise to the action occurred. If any of these are missing, the case can be dismissed or transferred even if the claim has merit. The other options fail because they neglect one of these essential elements, and relying on treaties for international jurisdiction does not fit the ordinary requirements for a typical civil complaint.